Apparatus and method for measuring a dividing particle size of a particulate system

ABSTRACT

Apparatus which uses the Coulter particle analyzing system, converting the pulses obtained from said system into accumulated electrical quantities which may be compared to one another or to other quantities derived from the same system on the basis of which one can adjust the quantities relative to one another to achieve the size of a particle which divides the system into two fractional parts having a particular relationship to one another. A variation of this structure is one in which a particle size is obtained which establishes a point in the particulate system above or below which a predetermined fraction of the total mass exists. The preferred structure uses a threshold circuit responding to particle size and separating the electrical pulses produced by the particles being scanned in the Coulter apparatus through the use of such a threshold. The pulse trains are converted into current and these are compared, adjusting the threshold up and down until the desired relationship is reached in a comparison device. The level of the threshold being calibrated to particle size then represents the dividing size between the two fractions. One of the most useful pieces of information of this kind is the dividing size which is the mass median, in which the respective masses of particulate matter above and below the dividing size are equal to one another.

United States Patent 1 3,557,352

[72] Inventors Walter R. l-logg Primar ExaminerMalcolm A. Morrison Hialeah, Fla.; Assistant Examiner-Edward J. Wise Wallace H. Coulter. Miami Springs, Fla. Attolney-Silverman & C

[2]] Appl. No. 679,840

[22] Filed Nov. 1, 1967 [45] Patented Jan. 19, 1971 [73] Assignee Coulter Electronics Inc.

ABSTRACT: Apparatus which uses the Coulter particle analyzing system, converting the pulses obtained from said system into accumulated electrical quantities which may be compared to one another or to other quantities derived from Hialeah, Fla. a corporation of Illinois [54] APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR MEASURING A the same system on the basis of which one can adjust the quan- DIVIDING PARTICLE SIZE OF A PARTICULATE titles relat ve to one another to achieve the size of a particle SYSTEM which dlvides the system into two fractional parts having a 54 Claims, 14 Drawing Figs particular relationship to one another. A variation of this structure is one in which a particle size is obtained which [52] U.S. Cl 235/15L3, establishes a point in the particulate System above or bdow 233/91 324/7l which a predetermined fraction of the total mass exists The 15/02 preferred structure uses a threshold circuit responding to parl Field Search 235/92M(UNX) ticle size and separating the electrical pulses produced by the 1513; 324/71; 250/218 particles being scanned in the Coulter apparatus through the References Cited use of such a threshold. The pulse trains are converted into current and these are compared, adjusting the threshold up UNITED STATES PATENTS and down until the desired relationship is reached in a com- 3,l27,505 /1964 Gustavson 235/92 parison device. The level of the threshold being calibrated to 71, 7 1966 Henderson 235/ 2X particle size then represents the dividing size between the two 3,331,950 /1957 Coulter 2 /92 fractions. One of the most useful pieces of information of this 3,377,597 /1968 Muta 235/151.3X kind is the dividing size which is the mass median, in which the 3,392,331 /l968 Coulter 235/92X respective masses of particulate matter above and below the 3,444,463 /l969 Coulter et al. 235/92X dividing size are equal to one another.

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, Ii 70 I u u 9; ag e; IKIQE /dA/IIOA 44 12/16 Ill/V5 I APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR MEASURING A DlVlDlNG PARTICLE SIZE OF A PARTICULATE SYSTEM The invention herein relates generally to the art of studying the physical properties of particulate systems and more particularly is concerned with ascertaining accurately certain sizing information about a particulate system.

More specifically, the invention is concerned with obtaining information useful in industrial and other processes where it is essential to describe the system by one or two highly significant statistical quantities such as its mean or average size, or median. or mass median. Probably the most useful for these applications is the one known as the mass median, in which the mass of all particles greater than a dividing size; i.e., mass median" is equal to the mass of all particles smaller than the dividing size. This may also be referred to as the 50th mass percentile size. Accordingly, the description hereinafter will be directed principally to mass median determination, but the invention is not so limited.

The invention is of such scope as to include structure in which the desired information comprises ascertaining the dividing particle size which separates any two portions of the total mass of a particulate system, and indeed, reference will be made hereinafter to the structure for achieving different fractions.

Another aspect of the invention comprises providing apparatus in which it is desired to ascertain the amount of mass contained in a particulate system above and below a certain size and as well the mass distribution or degree of uniformity in the system between various dividing sizes. In the latter connection, the data is obtained by ascertaining several dividing sizes, and without the need for plotting any curves.

For the purposes of this specification and the claims which are appended, it s advisable to define the significance of the phrase "mass median" as used herein. Mass median" is intended to define, by particle size, the location along the spectrum of a particulate system at which the mass of all the particulate material in particles greater in size is exactly equal to the mass of all the particulate material in particles smaller in size. Expressed in another way, and utilizing the familiar integral curve display of a particulate system which shows percent above stated size, the mass median is the point on the particle size scale corresponding to the SOpercent point on the percent mass scale of that curve. There is 50 percent of the volume of particulate matter above and below this point. The location of the point will give a particle size.

The apparatus which is utilized for making the measurements and practicing the methods of the invention operates on the principle disclosed in US. Pat. No. 2,656,508, such principle being known as the Coulter principle and being utilized in apparatus now sold as the Coulter Counter." According to that principle, each time that an individual particle traverses an electric current path of small dimensions in a sample of suspension carrying such particles, an electric change is produced in the sensing zone of the apparatus, the amplitude of which is proportional for all practical purposes to the total volume occupied by the solid matter of the particle, irrespective of its configuration. Assuming that the particles are all of the same material or at least the same known density, the electrical change is also proportional to the mass of the particle material of that particle. The geometrical shape of that particle is of little importance, and hence as used herein the word volume" means the actual volume occupied by the material of the particle. it is synonymous with the words mass and size" as used herein.

In the art of studying particulate systems, certain nomencla-' ture used in statistical analysis might seem of value, and it is important to differentiate between the phrase mass median" as used herein and such other nomenclature in order to avoid confusion. Some of the words used in statistics which can be misleading if applied to the desideratum in this case are mean, average, median," and mode all of which are expressions or examples of what has been described as measures of central tendency." It may be considered as a general proposition that none of these terms will give statistical measurement which is desired herein with accuracy that is. none ofthem should be considered the equivalent of mass median.

Just to take an example, the median of a particle system would be the size of the particle which is the numerical center one ol that system with the particles arranged according to sizev If there are 101 particles in a system, to use a simple example, arranged in their order of size, the 51st particle would be the median particle and its size would be the median size. Studies have shown that in particulate systems of fairly wide dynamic range the mass of particulate material above and below the median particle will not usually be the same, The particle at the mass median, according to the invention, will be located at a position irrespective of the number of particles, and almost in every case will not be at a point which is defined by any of the statistical expressions used above.

ln many industrial processes, the size of particle at the mass median or other mass percentile location has become an important criterion. For example, it is a particle size which may be used to define any given system. By reason of classical methods of particle study through the use of Stoksian techniques of sizing, engineers have tied their commercial processes to the number representing the mass median. in the manufacture and utilization of abrasives. inks. carbon. metal powder and so on, the determination of this size may be critical.

Inasmuch as persons skilled in this art have become accustomed to the use of mass percentiles, it is an object of the invention herein to provide instrumentation for obtaining this information. The invention herein enables any dividing size of particle to be used, that is, it enables the worker to define a system by a size of particle dividing the system into two parts whose masses have any desired relationship. Surely a more complete description of a system would be one which gave two or even more dividing sizes one of which could be the mass median and the others, for example the 25th mass percentile and 75th mass percentile dividing sizes. The difference between these sizes is an indication of the "width of the particle size distribution.

The invention herein provides a simple and highly useful tool to enable the derivation of more accurate information concerning particulate systems and opens a broad vista based upon better definition of systems and hence better communications between those working in the art.

Prior methods of arriving at the mass median size have been tedious, inaccurate, expensive or all three of these. All the more problems would be encountered in ascertaining a dividing size in which the two fractions of the system were not equal or had a particular relationship to one another. The manual method of ascertaining mass median particle size consisted of classifying particles into various size ranges, calculating the total volume in each size range, (which calculation involved an estimate as to the true center of each range) performing a progressive addition or summation in order to construct the integral curve and observing the point at which the resultant curve crosses the ordinate representing 50 percent of material above stated size. The curve as actually constructed was a series of connected steps, each step representing one range. Thus, in order to achieve the actual curve, an approximation was made by smoothing the curve through the average of each range. To increase accuracy, one was required to increase the number of ranges, resulting in more tedium and more computation, or complex computing equipment was required.

The Coulter Counter which was used to avoid Stokesian techniques did not in any way vary the method. The particle sizing apparatus, even if operating on the Coulter principle, was provided with a plurality of channels to obtain the necessary data. It was necessary to increase the number of channels, and hence the expense and complexity of the apparatus needed to increase the accuracy was accordingly increased. Where computers were used to process the data obtained from the particle sizing apparatus. an increase in channels likewise would increase expense. complexity and space needed for such apparatus.

Again, in the use of the electronic or optical apparatus for obtaining and processing data. the results had to be graphed and estimates made in smoothing such graphs in order to find the point which has been delined herein as the mass median. Similar problems existed as to any other points.

The primary object of this invention is to provide a method of and apparatus for obtaining the dividing particle size of a given particulate system which is based upon the use of a complete departure from all known methods of making such a determination.

Still another object of the invention is to provide a method and apparatus for determination of the dividing particle size of a particulate system which is substantially more accurate than all prior methods and apparatus in that the need for using multiple channels is eliminated; the need for using the average size of particle in each channel is obviated; the need for constructing and estimating the graph of an integral curve is eliminated; the need for complex and expensive equipment is dispensed with.

Still a further object of the invention is to provide a method and apparatus for determining the dividing size of a particulate system in which the particles of the system are caused to move relative to scanning means to produce signals related in value to the respective particle sizes. dividing the signals into two groups of signals above and below a particular value of signal related to a given size of particle by means of adjustable separating means. measuring or comparing the accumulation or rate of accumulation of two electrical quantities representative. respectively. of the signals of each group and adjusting the separating means so that the quantities so measured achieve a particular relationship. the separating means being calibrated to provide an indication representing a number proportional to the dividing particle size of the particulate system for a mass relationship between divided parts equal to the relationship between said compared quantities.

Still another object of the invention is to provide apparatus in which a reference voltage related to the total mass of particulate material of a system is provided by gross methods and is compared with a signal representing particulate material above or below a certain variable threshold whose level is calibrated according to particle size, the latter signal being obtained by use of Coulter scanning means operating on a sample of the same particulate system, then comparing the reference voltage reduced by a known factor with the said signal and varying the threshold to achieve a condition representing equilibrium and thus ascertaining the dividing particle size from the level of thethreshold.

Still further objects of the invention are to provide apparatus for measuring the dividing size of a particulate system automatically.

Another object of the invention is to provide apparatus for measuring the dividing particle size of a particulate system in which the signal producing means include either a single aperture or a multiplicity of apertures of different sizes.

Other objects of the invention are to provide apparatus for measuring the dividing particle size of a particulate system automatically and directly, in a continuously flowing system or of a quantity or batch of sample.

The invention has as important objects the ends sought in all of the above set forth objects in which the dividing particle size is specifically the mass median size of a particulate system, that is. the 50th mass percentile size. Other points such as the th and 75th mass percentile sizes are also of importance, and the invention includes ascertaining these as well.

Many other objects of the invention will become apparent to those skilled in this art as descriptions of preferred embodiments of the invention proceed hereinafter in connection with which the drawings illustrate the same. Such drawings are for the most part diagrammatic in nature since the components which are used to construct the apparatus illustrated for the most part can be made up of electrical and mechanical elements which are known to those skilled in the art and which can be reproduced once the principles of operation and function are described. Likewise. demonstrative diagrams are used to explain the method and operation of the apparatus. it being intended that these will be considered exemplary and not limiting.

In the drawings in which like or similar reference numerals are used to identify like or equivalent components throughout the several FIGS:

FIG. I is a graph illustrating the integral curve of a particulate system of relatively wide dynamic range in the classical ogive configuration;

FIG. 2 is a graph illustrating the differential curve of a particulate system of relatively wide dynamic range in the classical bell-shaped configuration;

FIG. 3 is a graph illustrating the prior techniques of constructing an integral curve similar to that of FIG. I for the purpose of deriving the mass median particle size of a particulate system;

FIG. 4 is a block diagram illustrating a basic apparatus for use in measuring the mass median particle size oi'a particulate system using a single Coulter apparatus for deriving quantities related to the parts ofthe system;

FIG. 5 is a block diagram based upon FIG. 4 but illustrating structure embodying certain important simplification in the concept represented by the structure of FIG. 4;

FIG. 6 is a more detailed block diagram of the apparatus of FIG. 5. the apparatus being automatic in this case. as compared to the apparatus of FIGS. 4 and 5 which are manual;

FIG. 7 is a series of charts. all on the same time scale. showing the shapes ofpulses in the apparatus illustrated in FIG. 6;

FIG. 8 is a block diagram of apparatus constructed in accordance with the invention in which of the two quantities compared to ascertain their relationship. one is furnished by apparatus operating on a gross method to provide a signal proportional to total mass, while the other is derived from Coulter apparatus using a variable threshold calibrated to give particle size;

FIG. 9 is a partial block diagram illustrating apparatus in which the signal producing means comprise a plurality of Coulter sensing means. each operating to respond to a differcnt particle size range, the apparatus being adapted to ascertain the dividing size of a system for a certain mass percentile;

FIG. 10 is a block diagram illustrating a basic apparatus which performs in a manner similar to that of FIG. 6. but which employs digital instead of analogue techniques;

FIG. 11 is a block diagram of apparatus constructed in accordance with the invention in which a delay line is used to store the particle pulse until other portions of the circuit make the decision and operate the appropriate electronic switches depending upon whether the pulse is to be treated as being above or below the dividing size;

FIG. I2 is a series of waveforms. all to the same time scale. showing the signals appearing on various paths in the apparatus illustrated in FIG. 11'.

FIG. 13 is a block diagram of apparatus constructed in accordance with the invention in which means are provided to eliminate the need for pulse amplitude information storage means; and

FIG. 14 is a series of waveforms, all to the same time scale. showing the signals appearing on various paths in the apparatus of FIG. 13.

Generally the invention is concerned with a method and apparatus for finding the mass dividing particle size or several dividing sizes for a particulate system which is a radical departure from prior apparatus and methods.

As indicated above. in the classical techniques, whether using Stokesian, electronic or optical methods, the worker was required to develop a graph representing the statistical data he learned. From this graph he picked off a point which has been defined herein as the mass median particle size. He could ascertain some other mass dividing particle size from the graph, but this merely complicated his problem. The'entire concept of prior techniques was to make as accurate a graph or data accumulation as possible. Thus, the quality of the determination was dependent upon the number of points used to construct the graph or accumulate the data. The number of points was obtained by making measurements in a number of ranges and estimating the location of the points. The more points the smoother the graph. Similar techniques were used in connection with data stored in computers or tabulated.

According to one aspect of the invention. the particles of a system are observed and separated into two groups, those above a particular size somewhere in the center of the size spectrum and those below that size. The size is that which. when properly chosen, will result in the mass of those larger than the size having the desired relation to the mass of those smaller than the size. When this condition obtains, the particular size is the dividing particle size as defined herein. If the size is the 50th mass percentile, then this dividing size is the mass median.

While it might be simple to describe this method. and indeed the method is quite basic, nevertheless, the simplicity seems to have been lost to workers in the particle field. All

prior methods and prior apparatus seem to arrive at the end result by devious, complex and usually inaccurate methods and apparatus which are, in fact, merely carryovers and iterations of techniques developed during the time when measuring equipment was of the most rudimentary nature. The present method and apparatus do not classify particles, for the purpose of deriving an analysis based upon such classifications. Instead, the reading is one of the direct measurement.

In effect, each particle is changed into another quantity which may be a cumulated, the quantity being proportional to the size of the particle. This quantity is conveniently an electrical charge as in most of the preferred embodiments illustrated, but may also be digital codes; The particles are then divided into two groups according to their size greater than or less than a chosen size. This chosen size, for example, could be represented by a threshold circuit whose voltage level discriminates between signals produced by the respective pulses as they pass some scanning device. By changing the voltage level of the threshold circuit, one may vary the limits of the pulses which are permitted to pass through.

The main pulse signals are changed into representative electrical quantities such as charges which are proportional to the signals and hence the respective sizes of the particles producing them. These signals are passed to either one of two channels to respective accumulating means each of which builds up a charge proportional to the total number of charges which are permitted to enter it. Using the control established by the variable threshold circuit, the charges are switched to one or the other of the channels and its accumulating means. The threshold level of the threshold circuit is changed either manually or electrically until the two accumulated amounts of charge have the desired relationship, for example, are equal. When they are equal, the total mass of particles producing the level of charge in the one accumulating means is equal to the total mass of particles producing the same level of charge in the other accumulating means. In the practical device, the equality is represented by a state of equilibrium in the output circuit.

At this condition, the threshold level is related to the mass median particle size, or any other chosen dividing size and it is a simple matter to calibrate some voltage or indicator reading to obtain a number representing this size.

It is believed that there are many ways of accomplishing the above described method and some of them are mentioned preliminarily to a description of several preferred embodimerits.

The accumulating means could be compared in a summing network operating into a sensitive device such as an integrator which produces an output proportional to the difference, and

the output could then be connected in a feedback circuit which adjusts the threshold circuit automatically until a condition of equilibrium is reached. Suitable read-out means connected with the feedback circuit would be calibrated to read a number representing dividing particle size.

Any of the above described apparatus could be used with a single scanning means, or in case the particulate system which is of too wide a dynamic range, with a plurality of scanning means each arranged to handle a different range of particles.

Many different kinds of accumulating means and switching circuits could be used, but all have in common the requirement that the pulses produced by the particles are to be di vided into two groups. respectively greater and smaller than the desired dividing particle size. The dividing line is then varied until the point is reached at which the total mass. represented by accumulated charge or chargeper-unit-timc (particulate volume per unit volume of sample) flowing in a conductor (electric current). of one group bears the desired relationship to the other.

The invention is applicable to batch determinations and onstream determinations.

Another aspect ofthe invention is concerned with a method in which one quantity is derived from the particulate system by some gross method used to ascertain a I00 percent voltage. This voltage is attenuated to achieve the percentage value against which the other quantity, derived by Coulter methods, will be compared. Apparatus embodying this concept will be described in detail.

Coming now to the description of the preferred embodiments, attention should be directed first to a simple discussion of the classical statistical tools of particle workers, the use of which is rendered unnecessary by this invention, but the concepts of which should be understood to understand the invention.

FIG. I is an ogive-shaped graph which is known as the in tegral curve of a particulate system and FIG. 2 is a bell-shaped graph which is known as the differential curve. Since these graphs are merely illustrative, it should not be assumed that they are representative of the same system. Each type can be converted to the other. Normally a worker starts with a differential curve and converts it into an integral curve.

The differential curve of FIG. 2 is a simple size distribution curve. Since there are so many millions of particles in the usual industrial slurry or powder the two coordinates are logarithmic. The vertical scale on the left gives the number of particles and the horizontal scale on the bottom gives the diameter of particles in microns. Diametef as used in such determinations is a rather vague concept originally used for lack of any better criterion, and is derived by somewhat em pirical methods. The use of a Coulter apparatus enables these curves to be made with the horizontal scale reading in equivalent spherical diameter quite accurately.

The equivalent spherical diameter" of a particle is the diameter of a sphere having the same volume and hence is proportional to the cube root of its volume, and since in this discussion we have equated volume, mass and size, the diameter is proportional to the cube root of the mass of the particle. Throughout the discussion, it should be understood that the density of the particles is assumed to be known and uniform, which will be the fact in practically all cases. The classical integral and differential curves were plotted using the parameter of particle diameter because until the advent of the Coulter apparatus, particles were described by their appearance under a microscope; most counting and sizing was done optically and by sedimentation methods. Accordingly in the description of the basic apparatus and method, since the read-out will be a number proportional to mass, it will usually be found convenient to convert this to a number which is proportional to the cube root of mass in order to obtain the number in terms of particle diameter. This can be done by suitable electronic circuitry or mechanical computing devices. One structure which has been found convenient is a cube root servomechan ism whose input is the read-out from the apparatus.

No further mention will be made of this point or apparatus shown to accomplish the operation.

Continuing with the discussion of the curves of FIGS. 1 and 2 the integral curve is a computed or laid-out curve. It is derived from the differential curve. This latter curve is also constructed from data obtained by classifying particles. The result is a histogram, as will be described in connection with FIG. 3. in other words, the particles are classified according to ranges, a histogram of relative number versus range is laid out to produce the bell-shaped general curve. This is not smooth as shown, but is a histogram of steps. The bell-shaped histogram is converted into the ogive histogram by adding numbers related to mass derived from the histogram'steps cumulatively starting at the largest particles and proceeding to build a new histogram. This is shown in FIG. 3.

in FIG. 3, there is a plurality of levels L1, L2 and so on through L9. Each level represents an accumulated mass of particles at the range indicated. The ranges are designed R1, R2 and so on through R10. Each range represents a classification of particles chosen as a result of experience to give the best form of histogram with the maximum of data at the most critical points. Note that at the large particle end there is a level Ll which is achieved by counting and computing the mass of the particles in a relatively broad range R] because the number of particles is small but their mass is quite large. The range R2 provides a part of the data for the level L2. The level L2 represents the total mass of particles in range R1 and range R2. The level L3 represents the total mass of particles in ranges R1, R2 and R3. At the start of constructing this curve. the left hand vertical scale is laid out in some unit which is related to the size of particles. in classical determinations this could be cubic microns or micrograms. The values are not important so long as the proper scale is followed. After the entire histogram has been constructed, the last level L9 has been laid out at range 9 as CIOSC to the maximum mass as possible. Various techniques, such as the use of log probability graph paper may be utilized to extrapolate to total mass if a significant fraction of mass is represented by particles too small to be measured. in a system such as represented by FIG. 3, the range containing the very smallest particles will contribute very little to the total mass. Most particulate systems of this type have that same character. This fact is very useful to the apparatus of the invention since it enables the small end of a system to be established by some low threshold level which excludes noise and hash" from the system.

After the histogram is laid out, one chooses the center point of each step, as indicated at A1, A2, A3 and attempts to draw a smooth curve through these points, the last point being A9. This results in the curve 20 which has been extrapolated as at 22 to provide the maximum mass level. This represents 100 percent of the mass of particles and if the left hand coordinate axis is divided into percentage, as shown, any point on the curve gives the percent of mass above a stated size.

Once having done this, the technician chooses the 50 percent volume or mass above stated size on the left vertical ordinate, finds the point 24 on the curve 20 which this intersects, and follows down to the horizontal coordinate for the size of particle this represents. The value on the horizontal axis at the 50 percent point is the mass median size of particle for the particulate system. This size is shown to be I microns. The same technique is used to ascertain any other dividing size.

Variations of such graphical techniques have been devised, such as, for instance, the method described recently by Dr. B. H. Kaye and C. R. G. Treasure in British Chemical Engineering (Oct., 1966, Vol. 11, No.10 pp l220 l 221 but it is to be observed that their method is still based upon the gathering together of particles into a relatively small number of size ranges, multiplying the number in each range by the mean size of that range, and performing a progressive addition.

in the case of apparatus in which it is feasible to obtain data on particle size directly, as for example in the case of the Coulter Counter, the construction of the integral and differential curves is made easier.

in FIG. 4 there is illustrated a basic structure which operates in accordance with the invention using a manual threshold circuit. The block 30 comprises a Coulter particle analyzing device for producing a signal which results from the scanning of a particulate system. The signal producing means comprise an electric field of small dimensions which may be established by the usual aperture tube, current source and detector, the latter including one or more amplifiers. The aperture tube has a minute aperture through which the suspension of particles is caused to flow and an electric current is established from one side of the aperture to the other to pass through the aperture simultaneously with the passage ofthe suspension. This can be an onstream tube or a batch tube. Each time that a particle passes through the aperture there is a change in the impedance of the liquid which is in the aperture and this is detected as an electrical change by means of electrodes immersed in or other wise coupled to the suspension at opposite ends of the aperture. Suitable amplifiers and other circuitry enables the electrical changes to be converted to signal pulses which are proportional to the volumes ofthe respective particles which produced the same.

These signals then appear at the point 32 and they are channeled to the block 34 which is labeled Variable Threshold Circuit and to the block 36 which is labeled Delayed Precision Pulse Shaping Means".

The purpose of these two blocks 34 and 36 is to discriminate between signals which result from particles above the assumed mass percentile particle size and those which result from particles below the assumed mass percentile particle size, and to obtain a value representative of the total of all of the pulses ofeach category.

Assuming for the moment that the variable threshold circuit includes an element or component which can be varied in order to change the level or threshold of voltage and that this component is varied in some manner through the control ofa knob or movable member, the member may have a scale or dial that can be calibrated in terms of particle size. Thus, there is shown some form of dial or control at 38 that is mechanically or electrically connected with the variable threshold circuit 34 through some coupling 40. An indicator 42 moves over a dial 44 that has numbers marked on it, and these numbers represent particle sizes. For example, if the dial is moved to a number 100, the threshold level of the circuit 34 might be set to cause output pulses to appear at connection 46 only upon the occurrence of signal pulses produced by particles of cubic microns in size and larger. This information can thus be used to route charges representing the respective pulses to either ofthe described channels.

in the block 36, there are contained components which convert the voltage pulses at 32 to quantities of charge proportional to the amplitudes of the respective voltage pulses causing same. This is done since it is necessary for this computation to add and subtract quantities which do not coexist, and therefore the earlier information must be stored. It will be shown later that there are alternate methods for storing pulse amplitude information, but for purposes of explanation, the necessary storage will be performed in the first apparatus to be explained by converting pulse amplitudes to proportional quantities of electrical charge and transferring these charges to an integrator. The transferral of electric charge, as is done by means of paths 64 and 66 of FIG. 4, results in a current, the average current in each path being equal to the total charge transferred in a given interval of time divided by that time.

Accordingly, each pulse that arrives at 32 is charged into a quantity of charge which is developed by forming a current pulse on line 47 and hence in either input 48 or 50 of the switches 52 and 54, respectively. The switch 52 which is designated up" will pass only charges which are caused by the larger particles, and the switch 54 which is designated down" will pass only charges which are caused by the smaller particles. The normal condition of the switches is with the switch 52 blocking passage of charge and the switch 54 normally passing charge.

I As stated above, if a signal appears which exceeds the threshold set by the control 38, it will produce a signal at 46. This drives the switch control 56. For the particular arrangement shown, the channel 8 normally holds switch 54 in conducting condition and the channel 60 normally holds switch 52 in nonconducting condition. This means that signals produced by particles smaller than the size represented by the level of the threshold 34 pass through the switch 54 into the accumulating means 55. If, on the other hand, a signal pulse arrives which does exceed the measuring level established by variable threshold circuit 34, an output'will be produced at 46 which causes the switch control 56 to operate switches 52 and 54 such that switch 52 conducts and switch 54 is made nonconductive, causing charges generated by 36 to pass through the switch 52 into the accumulating means 53. The accumulating means 53 and 55 conveniently comprise integrators.

In this manner, the accumulators 53 and 55 respond to the particulate mass of particles larger and smaller than the measuring level, respectively. lf integrators are used as the accumulators, the charge stored in each will be proportional to the total particulate mass above or below the measuring level from the time the pulse train representing particle volumes commences to the time at which a reading is made. if resistors are placed across the integrating capacitors of the integrators, the accumulating means become low-pass amplifiers which respond to the direct component of the current which results from the transfer of the charges developed and thus have outputs which are proportional to units of particulate mass per unit time. The former method is useful when investigating discrete amounts of sample dilution since there is a limit to the charge which can be storedby each integrator; the latter is more useful for onstream" applications since the two accumulator outputs at 57 and 59 stabilize at levels proportional to the fractions of mass in the two categories and remain in this condition without time limitations. These outputs may be observed by read-out means 70A and 708 if desired, and compared visually to determine equality or other useful relationships.

The preferred form, however, eliminates the need for separate accumulators, basing its operation on the mathematical identity which shows that one integrator integrating the difference of two currents will have the same output as will be obtained by integrating each of thecurrents separately and finding the difference between the individual integrated output signals. This preferred form has the further advantage that eventual saturation of an integrator is obviated since as will become clear later its input is usually an error signal which is nulled.

The resulting simplification is shown in FIG. 5. The connec tion between the down switch 54 and the accumulating and comparing circuit 62 is at 64 and is marked minus. signifying that minus charge is being applied, i.e.. charge is being withdrawn from an accumulating integrator, for example. The connection to the up switch is designated 66 and is shown positive to signify the pumping of charge into the integrator. One increases the stored charge and the other decreases it.

Continuing with the discussion, consider a large pulse that exceeds the threshold level. It will change the condition of the channels 58 and 60, reversing them, so that the down switch is blocked and the up switch 52 conducts. The charge from the pulse shaping means 36 now enters the comparing circuit 62 at the connection 66.

In this manner, the charges which are accumulated in the comparing circuit will be not only proportional to the volumes of the particles which caused them, but positive for large pulses and negative for the small pulses. The total charge will depend in addition upon the number of pulses. Accordingly, the output at 68 would be proportional to the total net charge which has come from the comparison circuit at any given time.

If the number chosen to represent the threshold level is that number on the dial 44 representing the precise mass median particle size, there will be precisely as much positive charge applied to the integrator 'of the comparison circuit 62 as nega tive charge applied. Theoretically, the comparison of these charges should result in a zero or unchanging readout in the device 70. Accordingly, if the signal producing means has run through a given quantity of sample at one setting ofthe dial 44 and there is an indication at the read-out 70 one way or the other relative to zero, another run can be made with a new setting, and by several trails the mass median particle size could be found. Any other dividing particle size may be ascertained in a modified manner.

Practically, most samples are homogeneous, and the determination can be made while the sample is being run. The longer the run, the better the statistics. The threshold level may be manually varied by some means while watching the read-out until the zero or any other reading remains for a substantial length of time. The control rests in means 38.

In practice, it is a relatively simple matter to automate the apparatus. Instead of a manual threshold control means 38, the output of the comparing circuit 62 may be used to cause thethreshold level to hunt for the condition where the charges at the inputs to the comparing circuit are equal or have some percentage relationship. The comparing circuit in such instance may include an integrator which has a finite output for a condition of balanced positive and negative inputs and this may provide a voltage on the connection 72 shown in broken lines, extending directly to the variable threshold circuit 34. The read-out 70 in this case may be arranged to read the signal level on the lead 72 as a measure of mass median particle size. This will be explained in connection with the structure of FIG. 5.

in FIG. 5, the comparing circuit for a simple manually operated device would be a pair of summing resistors arranged algebraically to add the currents caused by the respective switches. If these resistors are equal and the output at 68 is zero, then the threshold set in by the device 38 represents the mass median size. If the resistors are changed so that the scale factors are weighted differently, such as for example, a voltage signal on path 66 would produce a current which would cause three times as much charge in the upper or larger portion of the system than would the same voltage signal on the path 64 in the lower or smaller particle portion of the system. As a result, the feedback would effectively raise the threshold level to restore an equilibrium to balancethe currents in the two paths. The threshold measured at 38 will then read the 75th mass percentile particle size. Any resistor relationship can be used to find any dividing size.

If desired, by several runs, points defining a system may be ascertained. Thus, assuming the first run as described, the mass median size is determined. Thereafter, using the mass median size as the upper limit, by adjusting a circuit between the signal producing means and the junction at 32 to pass only particles smaller than this mass median size to the apparatus of FIG. 4, another run is made, and the mass median size of the lower half of the system is ascertained. In this manner, the 25th mass percentile of particle size is obtained. lf a third run is made, but with a threshold circuit interposed arranged to pass only particles larger than the mass median, the 75th mass percentile may be ascertained. One way of accomplishing these ends is incorporated into the apparatus of FIG. 9 to be described below.

FIG. 6 is a block diagram in more detail than FIG. 5 showing the components of analogue apparatus for obtaining the mass median particle size of a particulate system, an effort being made here to refer to the parts of the apparatus in terms familiar to those skilled in the electronics art.

The signal producing means 30 in this case is identified by the broken line box on the left and may be assumed to consist of a Coulter Counter of some type. The scanner would normally consist of the Coulter-type glassware in the sample handling facility including an aperture tube, electrodes, electrical connections, means for causing the flow of liquid, etc. The aperture of the Scanner has the usual source of current 82 which, although shown as a separate block, would customarily be included in the same housing with the amplifier and its electronics. The amplifier and associated circuitry serve to detect the signals produced in the scanner 80, and hence are referred to as detector 84. For the purposes of this type of application, a considerable portion of the detecting apparatus could be eliminated, since all that is required at the output 32 is a succession of pulses each of which is proportional to the size of the particle which produced it. The usual threshold circuits. cathode ray oscilloscope, counters and the like are not necessary, but could be convenient for the worker.

As seen. the signals at 32 are applied to the variable threshold circuit 34 and the delayed precision pulse shaping means 36 the latter being a broken line block containing a plurality of components to be described. There are two inputs into the shaping means 36, one at 86 and one at 88. The pulse stretcher 90 is a circuit which retains the amplitude of the incoming signal until a rectangular pulse of precise duration and the particular amplitude is produced. This latter effect occurs in the precision electronic switch 92 and the control for this function is obtained by means of the input 88.

The input 88 is applied to a low threshold circuit 94 set at a level which does not respond to electrical noise. This is quite close to the base line of the particle-produced pulse signal waveform, representing substantially the smallest practical particle which will be detected. Any signal which does not exceed this low threshold level will not produce current pulses in the output 47 of the precision electronic switch. Any signal which does exceed this low threshold will cause a pulse at 95 which will have its trailing edge detected in the detector 96. This produces a small pip or trigger pulse that triggers the oneshot multivibraior 98 for a time sufficient to produce the desired duration operation of the switch 92. As a result, the line 47 receives a pulse having the amplitude of a particle produced pulse and a duration of the pulse from the multivibrator 98. The delay referred to in the description of the converter 36 is caused by the fact that the multivibrator pulse on the line 113 occurs starting with the trailing edge of the signal crossing the low threshold, while, as will be see, the switching required to direct the charges into the comparing circuit will occur on the basis of the leading edge of the same pulse crossing the voltage level of the variable threshold circuit 34.

As thus far described, the output at 47 is a succession of current pulses of known duration, and of amplitude proportional to particle size. It becomes necessary to cause each pulse either to provide a positive or a negative charge, depending upon whether it has been caused by a particle larger or smaller than the size represented by the level of the threshold circuit 34. Since the switch 54 is in condition to accept charge for small pulses, all small pulses will pass through the precision switch 99, will be inverted in the phase inverter 100 and pass into the summing network 102 of the comparing circuit 62 as negative charge. From the summing network, the charge is applied to the integrator 104 which is a very high gain circuit, so that at 68 there will be a voltage output proportional to the charge stored in the integrator.

The conversion from pulse amplitude as a signal voltage to a proportional electric charge for storage in the integrator may in some instances be more easily accomplished by charging a small capacitor to a voltage proportional to a particle volume and dumping this charge into the integrator as is done in the familiar pump circuit.

if on the other hand, the pulse at 32 is larger than the level of the variable threshold circuit 34, a pulse is applied to the switch control 56. It first passes through the leading edge detector 106 which produces a trigger pulse from its leading edge. The set-reset flip-flop 108 is normally in a state which causes the down switch 54 to transmit and the up switch 52 to block pulses from precision electronic switch 92. When a trigger pulse from leading edge detector 106 is applied to the "set input terminal of set-reset flip-flop 108, the flip-flop changes state to permit passage of a current pulse in the lead 48 through the precision electronic switch 109 in the up switch 52 until another pulse is applied to its reset" terminal via path 115. This reset pulse is generated by detecting the trailing edge of the multivibrator pulse on connection 114 by means of trailing edge detector 110 which may also include means for delaying the trigger pulse slightly, for instance a delay line. Since the voltage to charge conversion has been completed at the end of the multivibrator pulse, the set-reset flip-flop and the pulse stretcher may be reset at this time in preparation for the next particlcproduced pulse. The slight delay, if one s incorporated, enhances accuracy by ensuring that the electronic switches 52 and 54 have had time to change state before resetting the set-reset flip-flop and the pulse stretcher. This is normally on the order of a microsecond. For low counting rates making longer multivibrator pulses permissible the delay may be omitted without seriously affecting accuracy.

In this manner the summing network will always be producing at its output 120 the algebraic sum ofcharges applied to its input and applying the output to the integrator 104. These charges are being transferred, thereby giving rise to currents in their several paths. Since there is always a finite output of substantial voltage at 68 due to the high gain of the integrator, it can be used to change the level olthe threshold device automatically through the feedback connection 72 and is measured in a suitable voltmeter 122 in the read-out means 70. Since this feedback connection is the threshold control means for the apparatus of FIG. 5, it is the automatic equivalent of the manual control means 38 and hence the same number 38 is shown alongside the number 72. The state of equilibrium will result in a substantially steady reading of read-out 70, which is increasingly steady for larger integrator storage capacities.

The components represented by the various blocks should easily be understood by those skilled in electronics. Considerable choice of circuitry exists, hence there is no need to show the specific details of any example. Some comments however would be helpful.

As explained previously, the signals appear at the output 32 of the signal detecting means as electrical pulses whose amplitudes are respectively proportional to the sizes of the particles that produced the same. The duration of each signal is proportional to the time that the particle required in passing through the effective scanning ambit of the sensing zone. The characteristic of these signals that is accurately representative of the size of particles is their amplitude and hence these signals are all changed into signals having the identical duration. The factor of duration thus drops out of the determination to be made. Once having achieved these precision signals, they are required to be converted into representative electrical quantities such as charges, since noncoexistant voltages cannot be added or subtracted. The preferred manner of shaping and switching the signals is in voltage form, because this is the simplest way of doing it electronically and because the charge on a capacitor is proportional to its terminal voltage. Accordingly, when the signals appear at the output channels 64 and 66 they are preferably voltages.

At this point, according to the structure of F IG. 6 the signals are applied to a summing network and voltage pulse-to-charge converter 102. This component, although bearing a rather lengthy name, is quite simple. it need only consist basically of a pair of series resistors connected across the output terminals of the phase inverter and the switch 52, the center point between these two terminals being connected to the input lead of the integrator 102. The resistors will thus change the voltage pulses into currents of precisely determined duration and amplitude, and since these are positive and negative currents they will automatically charge or discharge the capacitors in the integrator to have the desired summing effect.

The integrator 104 may take many different forms. In a theoretical device of basic type such as described in connection with FIG. 4, assuming a manual threshold control means 38 is used, and only aizero reading is required, the elements of the integrator 104 could be passive. The practical device however, must detect extremely small differences since in the end, it is the small error signal in balancing the currents produced by pulses on 64 and 66 which must produce the out put at 68. If it is desired that this error be vanishingly small. the integrator will have to have extremely high gain near zero frequency.

It would be well at this point to take note of the fact that inasmuch as many of the functions of an integrator can be performed by a simple resistance-capacitance combination or a low-pass amplifier having gain inversely related to frequency. these imperfect forms may accordingly be referred to herein as integrators despite their lack of infinite" memory or time constant. The term integrating amplifier" is used occasionally herein in order to call attention to this practical equality. As a matter of practical fact, although a perfect integrator functions well in any of the block diagrams of FIGS. 4 through 9, .11, and 13, which call for one or more accumulating means, the imperfect forms will function for the most part just as well. For the purposes of this application, therefore, the terms integrator" and integrating amplifier" will be considered synonymous and will be used interchangeably.

FIG. Us a series of wave shapes representing the course ofa pair of pulses passing through the apparatus of FIG. 6. At A there are shown a pair of separately occuring electrical pulses clue to passage of particles through the signal producing means, these pulses being designated 130 and 131, the latter occurring later and being of greater amplitude, hencebeing caused by a larger particle. The pulses shown in F IG, 7A occur at the lead 32. The lead 86 connects the signal producing means 30 with the pulsestretcher 90, and the output of the pulse stretcher due to the two pulses 130 and 131 comprises the expanded or stretched pulses 132 and 133, respectively. Note that the leading edge of the stretched pulses fairly well follows the leading edges of the respective pulses 130 and 131, but when these latter pulses subside, the maximum amplitudes reached are retained by the circuit 90 so that the output at 91 is shown in FIG. 7B. The amplitude is marked S on the left hand puIse,-for small, and L on the right hand pulse for large.

In FIG. 7C there is illustrated a rectangular pulse 134 occurring from the time t8 tothe time t10. This is the period of time during which the pulse 131 exceeded the threshold level 135 established in the threshold circuit 34; Note that there is no equivalent rectangularpulse for the smaller particle-produced pulse 130 because this latter pulse did not exceed the threshold 135 at any time during its occurrence. The pulse 130 has a duration from time to but crosses the low threshold circuit 94 only from the time :1 to :2. This excludes from the circuit noise and very small pulses which are not important such as those produced by a family of very small particles which is of no interest. The output from the low threshold circuit appears as a rectangular pulse 136 in FIG. 7D. The'low threshold level is shown at 137 in FIG. 7A. It would usually be at a lower level than apparently shown, i.e., much closer to the base line, but is elevated here for purposes of illustration. The pulse resulting from the larger particle-produced pulse 131 which emerges from the threshold circuit 94 is shown at 138 in FIG. 7D occurring between the time :7 and :11.

Following the lower pulses, that is, those which occur in the delayed precision pulse shaping means 36' of FIG. 6, each of the pulses 136 and 138 has its trailing edge detected in the detector 96, thus producing the trigger pulse outputs 139 and 140 at times t2 and :11, respectively. These trigger pulses occur at the line 97 and are shown in FIG. 7E. They activate the one-shot multivibrator 98 to produce the rectangular switching pulses 141 and 142, occurring at the lines 113 and 114, and between the times 12 and :4 for the smaller particleproduced pulse, and the times :11 and 112 for the larger particle-produced pulse 131. These pulses 141 and 142 are applied to the precision electronic switch 92 and to the trailing edge detector 110.

At the precision electronic switch 92, the pulses 141 and 142 delineate specific portions ofthe stretched pulses 132 and 133 occuring between times 12 and 14 for the smaller and the times 111 and :12 for the larger, so that the output at 47 from the precision electronic switch comprises the pulses 144 and 145 shown in FIG. 7H, The amplitudes are identical. respectively, to the amplitudes of the pulses 130 and 131, namely Ampl. S and Ampl. L, respectively. The maximum amplitude measurements are accordingly preserved, but now occur in precise rectangular waves more readily handled than the pulse 130 and 131. They are also delayed with respect to 130 and 131 to facilitate setting the switches which direct them over the desired paths.

The trailing edge detector will produce trigger pulses 146 and 147 at the lines and 116, these being delayed from the time I4 to IS in the case of the smaller particleproduced pulse and from the time 112 to :13 in the case of the larger pulse 131. The reason for the delay, as explained, is to assure that the complete pulses 144 and have terminated, before resetting the flipflop 108 and the pulse stretcher 90. The trigger pulses 146 and 147 are reset pulses, as noted.

Reverting now to the rectangular pulse 134 which is the output from the threshold circuit 34 and occurs at 46, and then only as a result of the occurrence of the larger of the particleproduced pulses, the leading edge of this pulse is detected in the detector 106 resulting in a trigger pulse 149 occurring at the time t8 shown in FIG. 71, at the line 107. This trigger pulse triggers the flip-flop 108 causing the same to produce a rectangular pulse 150 commencing at the time 18, and of an amplitude representing saturation of the circuit. The pulse 150 is discontinued at time :13 by the trigger pulse 147, so that the output wave 150 occurring at line 60 shown in FIG. 7] will be a precise rectangular wave. At the same time, voltage at output 58 drops to zero to produce a negative pulse" 151 of the same duration, as shown in FIG. 7K and is applied to the precision switch 99. It will be appreciated that pulses 150 and 151 are gating pulses, applied respectively to the switches 52 and 54.

Since the switch 54 is normally on, except between the time t8 and 113, the pulse 144 readily passes through, is inverted by the phase inverter 100 and appears at 64 between times 12 and 14 as a negative going rectangular pulse 152, FIG. 7L. Likewise, the pulse 145, being applied to the upper switch which is gated on for the period between times :8 and 213, will pass through the switch 52 and emerge at 66 as a positive going pulse 153 between the times I11 and [12. The am plitudes of the respective pulses 152 and 153 are Ampl. S and Ampl. L, although the first pulse is negative.

These two pulses are applied to the summing network 102, which may be a simple two-resistor network and emerge at 120. This converts the voltages to currents which flow into the integrator 104 by way of the connection 120, and thus place charges on the integrator which are proportional both to the amplitudes of the respective precision pulses 152 and 153 and their durations, and hence proportional to the sizes, respectively, of the particles causing the same.

The integrator output occurs at 68 as a voltage whose level fluctuates responsive to the currents being produced due to the continuous occurrence of pulses from the particles. The time constant of the integrator is chosen to provide the required amount of smoothing, and its output used to drive an indicating device such as the voltmeter I122 calibrated to give dividing particle size. This is threshold level suitably calibrated. The percentile defining the dividing size is determined by the ratio of the resistors of the summing network, and this may be fixed for any desired value or variable with suitable calibrated controls. Likewise, the variable threshold circuit may be varied manually with a suitablecalibrated control or may be automatically varied by means of a feedback signal derived by way of the line 72 from the output 68 of the integrator. 

1. Apparatus for ascertaining that particle size, within a particulate system, above and below which size predetermined fractions of the total mass of the system are respectively included, said particle size being the dividing size between fractions, which comprises: A. means having at least a range limit for deriving a first electrical effect proportional to the mass of particulate material of a firSt fraction, said first fraction having said dividing size as one of its range limits; B. means for deriving a second electrical effect proportional to the mass of particulate material of a portion of said total mass, said portion including at least all of a second fraction and at most, both said fractions; C. means for comparing said effects; and D. at least one of said deriving means including: i. means for moving at least a representative sample of said particulate system suspended in a fluid medium relative to sensing means responsive to movement of individual particles by producing electrical changes in said sensing means proportional, respectively, to the sizes of said particles; and ii. means producing electrical pulses proportional to said respective changes.
 2. Structure as claimed in claim 1 in which said range limit is adjustable and said comparing means comprise means for adjusting said range limit to establish a desired relationship between said first fraction and said portion and including means indicative of said adjustable range limit of the first fraction and adapted to be calibrated in terms of particle size.
 3. Structure as claimed in claim 2 in which both of said deriving means comprise the structure of said one deriving means.
 4. Structure as claimed in claim 2 in which said portion comprises only the second fraction.
 5. Structure as claimed in claim 4 in which both fractions are equal.
 6. Structure as claimed in claim 2 in which said portion comprises the total mass of said particulate system.
 7. Structure as claimed in claim 6 in which said second deriving means comprise a gross particle measuring apparatus providing an electrical signal proportional to total particulate mass and said signal being said second electrical effect.
 8. Structure as claimed in claim 6 in which said first fraction comprises total particulate mass of particles larger than said dividing size.
 9. Structure as claimed in claim 6 in which said first fraction comprises total particulate mass of particles smaller than said dividing size.
 10. Structure as claimed in claim 2 in which said first deriving means comprise a Coulter-type particle measuring apparatus; said adjustable range limiting means including an adjustable threshold circuit arranged to be changed to adjust the range limit which defines said dividing size.
 11. Structure as claimed in claim 2 in which said indicative means comprise a manually operable device
 12. Structure as claimed in claim 11 in which said indicative means comprise an electrically operated readout having an output proportional to first fraction and said portion, respectively. 13 Structure as claimed in claim 11 in which said indicative means comprise electrical balancing means.
 14. Structure as claimed in claim 2 in which said means for adjusting said adjustable range limit is an electrically operated threshold circuit and said indicative means is electrically operated.
 15. Structure as claimed in claim 14 in which said indicative means comprise a voltmeter.
 16. Structure as claimed in claim 2 in which said sensing means comprise at least two graduate sensitivity sensing zones of the Coulter type which establish a corresponding number of contiguous ranges of particle size, and means are provided for combining the outputs of these ranges to form said first fraction and said portion and for ascertaining the range in which the dividing size lies.
 17. Structure as claimed in claim 2 in which said effects are digital.
 18. Apparatus for ascertaining that particle size of a particulate system above and below which size predetermined fractions of the total mass of the system are respectively included, said particle size being the dividing size between fractions, which comprises: A. signal producing means of the Coulter type including: i. means for moving a representative sample of a particulate system suspended in a fluid medium relative to a sensiNg device responsive to movement of individual particles by producing electrical changes in said sensing means proportional to the respective sizes of particles; and ii. means for producing electrical pulses as a result of such changes, and the respective electrical pulses being proportional in amplitude to the size of the respective particles producing the changes; B. means for generating first representative electrical quantities respectively proportional to amplitudes of said electrical pulses; C. means for separating said representative electrical quantities into two categories on the basis of the size of the particles respectively producing the same, the first category comprising all quantities greater than a measuring level, and the second category comprising all quantities less than said measuring level, said measuring level being calibrated to be proportional to particle size; D. means for producing at least one signal representing the relationship between categories accumulated; and E. means for adjusting the measuring level to produce a desired relationship between categories such that said at least one signal is indicative of said relationship and identifies said dividing size.
 19. Apparatus as claimed in claim 18 in which said penultimate means comprise a plurality of accumulating devices producing visible phenomena indicating response and thereby enabling adjustment of the last-mentioned means.
 20. Apparatus as claimed in claim 18 in which said penultimate means comprise a plurality of accumulating devices, having outputs connected to an electrical comparison device including a readout enabling adjustment of said last-mentioned means.
 21. Apparatus as claimed in claim 18 in which the means for adjusting the measuring level is manually controlled and means are provided for weighting the quantities such that any desired relationship will result in a null comparison to be used while adjusting the measuring level.
 22. Apparatus as claimed in claim 21 in which the weighting means are included with said comparing means.
 23. Apparatus as claimed in claim 21 in which the weighting means are other than in said comparing means.
 24. Apparatus as claimed in claim 18 in which the means for adjusting the measuring level comprise an integrating amplifier supplying a feedback to said separating means, means for comparing said separated quantities, said integrating amplifier being connected to said comparing means to receive the output thereof.
 25. Apparatus as claimed in claim 24 in which means are provided for weighting the quantities such that any desired relationship will provide an equilibrium condition in said integrating amplifier with a resulting condition of measuring level.
 26. Apparatus as claimed in claim 24 in which readout means are provided for measuring the feedback output of said integrating amplifier as a quantity proportional to measuring level.
 27. Apparatus as claimed in claim 18 in which said quantities are equal whereby the relationship between quantities is one to one and the measuring level represents mass median.
 28. Apparatus as claimed in claim 18 in which the separating means comprise a variable threshold circuit and the measuring level comprises the threshold level of said circuit.
 29. Apparatus as claimed in claim 28 in which said apparatus has two channels connected to transmit said categories of pulses respectively to said generating means; said first category comprising all pulses which exceed the threshold and said second category comprising all pulses which do not exceed said threshold.
 30. Apparatus as claimed in claim 18 in which said categories of pulses are applied to said comparing means with opposite polarities and said comparing means combines said pulses algebraically.
 31. Apparatus as claimed in claim 30 in which said comparing means includes an integrating amplifier and the means for adjusting the measuring level comprise a feedback circuit from said integRating amplifier to said separating means.
 32. Apparatus as claimed in claim 31 in which readout means are provided to measure the output of said integrating amplifier to said feedback circuit, said output being proportional to measuring level.
 33. Apparatus as claimed in claim 18 in which said separating means include a variable threshold device, precision pulse shaping means and switch control means, and in which said generating means comprise a pair of switches for providing electric current outputs, the said measuring level being the threshold of said threshold device; said pulse shaping means receiving all electrical pulses and converting same into equal duration pulses of amplitudes equal respectively to the original pulses; the threshold device being connected to said switch control means and operating to direct said equal duration pulses to one or the other of said switches depending upon whether its amplitude exceeds said threshold; the pulses passing through each switch forming the first and second electrical quantities, respectively.
 34. Apparatus as claimed in claim 33 in which means are provided to invert the phase of one of said quantities in which said comparing means include a summation network for adding the quantities algebraically.
 35. Apparatus as claimed in claim 33 in which said pulse shaping means include a pulse stretcher and means for excising only a portion of each stretched pulse to provide said equal duration pulses.
 36. Apparatus as claimed in claim 18 in which said separating means include a variable threshold device, precision pulse shaping means and switch control means; and in which said generating and accumulating means comprise a pair of switches for providing electric current outputs; the said measuring level being the threshold of said threshold device; said pulse shaping means receiving all electrical pulses and converting same into equal duration pulse signals proportional respectively to the amplitudes of the original pulse signals; the threshold device being connected to said switch control means and operating to direct said equal duration pulse signals to one or the other of said switches depending upon whether its amplitude exceeds said threshold; the pulse signals passing through each switch forming the first and second electrical quantities, respectively.
 37. Apparatus as claimed in claim 36 in which means are provided to invert the phase of one of said quantities and in which said comparing means include a summation network for adding said first and second electrical quantities algebraically.
 38. Apparatus as claimed in claim 36 in which said pulse shaping means comprises a diode-capacitor pump circuit.
 39. Apparatus as claimed in claim 18 in which there are a plurality of signal producing means, a plurality of range circuits, each connected to one said signal producing means and having individual separating means generating and accumulating means, and comparing means; the summation means being common to all ranges and including all comparing means; said adjusting means comprising an integrating amplifier connected with the summation means, said apparatus including programming means for connecting said integrating amplifier with the separating means one after another, if needed, and acting to vary said measuring level of the separating means with which it is connected while at the same time separating all pulses in all ranges of greater and lesser amplitude than said level into said two quantities for comparison; the connection between integrating amplifier and a different separating means continuing to occur until a state of equilibrium is reached; the output of said integrating amplifier being proportional to particle size.
 40. Apparatus as claimed in claim 18 in which the means for adjusting the measuring level comprise an add-subtract register supplying a feedback to said separating means, said add-subtract register being connected to said comparing means to receive the output thereof.
 41. Apparatus as claimed in claim 40 in which means are provided for weighting the quantities such that any desired relationship will provide an equilibrium condition in said add-subtract register with a resulting condition of measuring level.
 42. Apparatus as claimed in claim 41 in which readout means are provided for measuring the feedback output of said add-subtract register as a quantity proportional to measuring level.
 43. Apparatus as claimed in claim 18 in which the separating means comprise an analogue to digital converter and a digital comparator and the measuring level comprises a digitally coded number; the digital coded number representing each particle-produced pulse amplitude being applied to a first input of said comparator and the digitally coded measuring level being applied to the second input of said comparator.
 44. Apparatus as claimed in claim 43 in which the digitally coded numbers are binary coded.
 45. Apparatus as claimed in claim 18 in which the separating means comprise an analogue to digital converter and a digital comparator; the measuring level comprises a digitally coded number, and the means for accumulating and comparing the first and second electrical quantities respectively proportional to cumulative particle mass comprises an add-subtract digital register.
 46. Apparatus as claimed in claim 45 in which said apparatus includes means for transmitting said categories to said add-subtract register in such a manner that digitally coded pulse amplitudes of the first category are added to and those of the second category are subtracted from the number stored in said register; said first category comprising all digitally coded pulse amplitudes which exceed the measuring level and said second category comprising all digitally coded pulse amplitudes which do not exceed said measuring level.
 47. Apparatus for ascertaining that particle size of particulate system above and below which size predetermined fractions of the total mass of the system are respectively included, said particle size being the dividing size between fractions, which comprises: A. signal producing means of the Coulter type including: i. means for moving a representative sample of a particulate system suspended in a fluid medium relative to a sensing device responsive to movement of individual particles by producing electrical changes in said sensing means proportional to the respective sizes of particles; and ii. means for producing electrical pulses as a result of such changes, and the respective electrical pulses being proportional in amplitude to the size of the respective particles producing the changes; B. means for generating first representative electrical quantities respectively proportional to amplitudes of said electrical pulses; C. means for separating said representative electrical quantities into two categories on the basis of the size of the particles respectively producing the same, the first category comprising all quantities greater than a measuring level, and the second category comprising all quantities less than said measuring level; said measuring level being calibrated to be proportional to particle size; D. means for accumulating the separated representative electrical quantities of one category into a first accumulated electrical quantity proportional to cumulative particle mass; E. means for measuring the total mass of the system to obtain a second representative electrical quantity proportional to a predetermined fraction of said total mass; F. means for comparing said first accumulated electrical quantity and said second representative quantity one with the other; and G. means for adjusting the measuring level to produce a desired relationship between quantities, the resulting measuring level thereby comprising the dividing size of particle representing the relationship between the fraction of total mass represented by said one category of particles and the said predeTermined fraction of mass represented by the second quantity.
 48. Apparatus as claimed in claim 47 in which the means for measuring said second electrical quantity includes weighting means whereby said comparing means operates upon weighted electrical quantities.
 49. Apparatus as claimed in claim 47 in which the means for adjusting the measuring level comprises an integrating amplifier supplying a feedback to said separating means, said integrating amplifier being connected to said comparing means to receive the output thereof.
 50. Apparatus as claimed in claim 49 in which means are provided for weighting the quantities such that any desired relationship will provide an equilibrium condition in said integrating amplifier with a resulting condition of measuring level.
 51. Apparatus as claimed in claim 47 in which said quantities are equal whereby the relationship between quantities is one to one and the measuring level represents the mass median.
 52. Apparatus as claimed in claim 47 in which the means for measuring the entire mass of the system comprise Coulter apparatus.
 53. The method of ascertaining the dividing particle size for any desired percentile mass of a particulate system which includes passing a sample of said system through a Coulter apparatus to obtain a string of electric pulses of amplitudes respectively proportional to said particles; choosing a preliminary particle size of the system and dividing the pulses into two categories whose amplitudes are respectively above and below said preliminary particle size; continuously accumulating the respective categories and converting same into electrical quantities and comparing continuously the accumulated quantities one with the other; changing the particle size up or down until the compared quantities have a particular relationship representing the desired mass percentile; the particle size resulting in such condition comprising the dividing particle size for such sample.
 54. The method of ascertaining the dividing particle size for any desired mass percentile of a particulate system which includes passing a sample of said system through a Coulter apparatus to obtain a string of electric pulses of amplitudes respectively proportional to said particles; subjecting said system to a signal related to the mass of the entire particulate system; attenuating the last signal and converting same into a first electrical quantity proportional to the desired mass percentile; choosing a preliminary particle size of the system and dividing the electric pulses into two categories whose amplitudes are respectively above and below said preliminary particle size; continuously accumulating one category and converting the same into a second electrical quantity and continuously comparing the quantities one with the other; changing the preliminary particle size up or down until the compared quantities have a particular relationship representing the desired mass percentile; the particle size resulting in such condition comprising the dividing particle size for such sample. 